A shorter version of this written text was delivered by Hauenstein Center Director Gleaves Whitney at the 2016 Inaugural Wheelhouse Talk, Grand Valley State University, Friday, October 7, 2016.
Age of Anxiety
In 2016 Americans find themselves in one of the most
contentious political contests in U.S. history. Soon there will be 51 elections
to determine who will serve as the 45th president of the United
States. Two very flawed candidates and the ethical controversies surrounding
them have unloosed a Niagara of uncertainties, and Americans are feeling anxiety.[1]
Anxiety, because Americans' life expectancy is declining for the first time in two decades.
Anxiety, because two of every three Americans think our nation is on the wrong track.[2] The ISIS “JV team” has turned into an NBA pro team.[3] The murder rate in the last year has jumped more than 40 percent.[4] Racial tensions are as bad as they have been in decades.[5] Health care did not get fixed. The economy did not start rolling. And tensions with Russia are heating up to Cold War levels.
Anxiety, because two of every three Americans think our nation is on the wrong track.[2] The ISIS “JV team” has turned into an NBA pro team.[3] The murder rate in the last year has jumped more than 40 percent.[4] Racial tensions are as bad as they have been in decades.[5] Health care did not get fixed. The economy did not start rolling. And tensions with Russia are heating up to Cold War levels.
Anxiety, because 80 percent of Americans do not trust the
federal government or think its programs are well run. It's at the lowest level since polling on the question began more than 50 years ago.
Anxiety, because this year’s Republican and Democratic
presidential candidates are, depending on whom you talk to, either the most repugnant or the most untrustworthy in American history.[7]
 |
| Edvard Munch, "The Scream" (1893) |
Anxiety, because Bernie Sanders, a socialist, made a
credible run for the Democratic nomination and successfully moved the
Democratic Party platform farther left than it has ever been. It is fair to say
that, had it not been for the electoral interference of the massive Clinton machine, Sanders would have won
the nomination and we would be looking at a Sanders-Trump contest for the White
House on November 8th.[9]
Anxiety, because the odds-makers' favorite to win the election, Hillary Clinton, is under the greatest cloud of distrust (64 percent) a modern, major-party candidate has experienced. Even if she wins she loses.
Anxiety, because the odds-makers' favorite to win the election, Hillary Clinton, is under the greatest cloud of distrust (64 percent) a modern, major-party candidate has experienced. Even if she wins she loses.
Anxiety, because we are bracing for the Next Big Thing when
it comes to political realignment. The necessary conditions seem to be
gathering like storm clouds on the horizon. We can only guess what it will look
like, but realignments occur when some combination of (1) crisis, (2) demographic
change, (3) the serious fracturing of a major party, (4) a rising third party, and
(5) new leadership and ideas push themselves to the fore. People are increasingly
wondering if realignment on the order of 1860, 1932, and 1980 is under way or
on the way.[10]
There’s anxiety about a new force in politics, social media.
Outrageous sums of money will be spent on this presidential contest – more
than one billion dollars.[11] Millions
of those dollars are for television buys, to no effect. Meanwhile, tweets are
moving mountains. Not ground games but rallies will get people to the polls. Are we headed for rule by crowds and plebiscites?
There’s anxiety on the right about the left, because of its
open declarations of victory in the culture wars.
There’s anxiety on the left about the right, because of its
lurch toward populism, nativism, and protectionism.
There’s anxiety throughout the political establishment
because the cozy relationships with special interests are being shaken to the
foundations. Did you know that the largest category of voters today is not
Democratic, not Republican, but Independent?[12]
We can sum up the Age of Anxiety with two quotations. One is
by MSNBC personality Joe Scarborough: “Sanders and Trump fulfill the urge many
Americans feel to punch Washington in the face!” The other is by filmmaker
Michael Moore: “I live in Michigan. Across the Midwest, across the Rustbelt, a
lot of people are angry. They see Donald Trump as their human Molotov cocktail.
They get to go into the voting booth on November 8th and throw him
into a political system that has made their lives miserable.”[13]
America Transformed
Beyond these election-year surprises, there are long-term
forces that pile on the anxiety, at least for certain groups of people. These
forces show that we are a different nation from the one passed down to us a
generation or two ago.
Look at America’s changing class structure: For the first
time in our adult lives, less than 50 percent of the U.S. population is middle
class.[14]
Look at our new “greatest generation.” As of April 2016, millennials
had overtaken baby boomers, so future elections will increasingly be determined
by today’s 18-35 year-old set.[15] The
World War II generation is, electorally speaking, insignificant. The baby
boomers are increasingly irrelevant because they are starting to die off. They also, as
Yuval Levin points out, split roughly down the middle in presidential
elections. Baby boomers are consumed by the politics of nostalgia. One half of
us embrace nostalgia for the 1950s/1980s and tend to vote Republican. The other
half of us embrace nostalgia for the 1960s and tend to vote Democratic. The two
halves often cancel each other out in presidential elections.[16] That’s
why the real action is shifting to the millennials. Bernie Sanders knows that
they are still in intellectual and moral formation. He will concede that
Hillary Clinton won the battle of 2016 – she is the Democrats’ nominee – but he
intends to win the war. The social democrat has said that, come January
21st, after celebrating Hillary Clinton’s inauguration, he will go
to work to win the hearts and shape the values of college-educated millennials
since they will determine the future of our country.[17]
These millennials are different from their parents.[18]
For one thing, they do not have the historic memory of socialism that their
elders do. When you say “socialism” to baby boomers or the World War II
generation, they think: gulag archipelago, Checkpoint Charlie, and the Berlin
Wall. When you say “socialism” to millennials, they think: Volvo and Ikea. The
different mix of associations perhaps explains why millennials are not as wary
of authoritarian regimes as older Americans are.[19]
Look at our changing demography. Whites will no longer be a
majority but a plurality in 2043[20] –
that’s just 27 years from now. Already one of every eight counties is majority-minority.
In large part because of the Immigration Act of 1965,[21] families
are being transformed. Take, for example, the WASPish Whitney family. When I
was a child every last member of my family was a white Caucasian. Today I have a Vietnamese
stepmother, an African-American niece, a Chinese-American niece, two Jewish
nephews, and (hopefully) a soon-to-be Sri Lankan daughter-in-law.
Look at our changing religion. The last decade has seen the
most dramatic decline in U.S. history of Americans who are 100 percent certain that
God exists – from 70 percent to 60 percent.[22] And
even though the United States still has the largest number of Christians of any
nation, there has been a similar decline in people who self-identify with that
religion. We know about the dramatic growth of the “nones,” young people who describe themselves as spiritual but who are not members of an organized
religion.[23]
Look at federal spending. Our national debt is reaching an
unsustainable level – it is $19.5 trillion and growing. Into the foreseeable
future, American taxpayers will be paying hundreds of billions of dollars each
year in interest on the national debt -- about one in every four tax dollars.[24] Soon it will be the federal government's third largest "program." This is money that will not go to social services or defense or other priorities
in the future. As my son Alasdair says to me, “The baby boomers ripped off my
generation. My generation will have to pay for the reckless spending spree your
generation went on in Washington year after year. Both Democrats and
Republicans are at fault.”
As if the foregoing were not enough to rock our world, look
at the revolution in our midst that is proving to be every bit as far reaching
as the French and Industrial revolutions. And it’s not finished, and we are
starting to see it as a driver of massive change.
We cannot even wrap our minds around this upheaval that, for
convenience, we shall call the “digital revolution.” Johns Hopkins fellow Alec
Ross[25]
points to a stunning fact. Every two days as much data has been produced as all
the information humans produced between the cave paintings and 2003. The
applications of a world coded in zeros and ones are dizzying – driverless cars,
precision agriculture, artificial intelligence, robotics, the digital transfer
of entire libraries. Did you know that every six hours, the National Security
Agency (NSA) is gathering as much information as is stored in the entire
Library of Congress?[26]
And that it can fit in an object smaller than a key fob?[27] I
should think that fact alone would make most Americans anti-statist!
Ross also notes that you can divide the digital revolution
into two phases: the world’s last trillion-dollar industry that arose from digital coding, and the world’s next
trillion-dollar industry that is coming from genetic coding; the genomic therapies that are being developed now
will soon be eliminating diseases and extending life by three to five years.
The digital revolution is breathtaking to those who have the
education to access and manipulate it; and it is heartbreaking to those who do
not. While many industries and communities are making the digital pivot, not
all will. Those that successfully pivot and embrace the digital revolution will
prosper. Those that don’t will become slums of despair. The people in the slums
of despair will be susceptible to radicalization by the far left and the far
right. The truck drivers, the janitors, the hotel maids, the people who fold
clothes – if they are not part of the digital revolution, they might become
part of a counter-revolution, and tear down what they cannot build up.
Ross illustrates what is happening with a powerful anecdote.
There is a businessman in China who owns factories that used to employ almost
one million people on assembly lines. He made the digital pivot and brought in
robots to work the assembly line. As he said, robots don’t ask for raises; they
don’t steal from the company; they don’t get sick; they don’t get tired – they
work 24/7 with nary an HR issue. The robots were so successful that this
factory owner let go 600,000 people. Ladies and gentlemen, scaled to America,
such layoffs could generate a lot of realignment.
As my friend Joe Lehman, president of the Mackinac Center,
likes to say: “Here come the robots and the pitchforks aren’t far behind.”
When thinking about the consequences of the digital
revolution, it’s not a failure of understanding that worries me; it’s a failure
of imagination. To visualize what a digital dystopia might look like, I’d
recommend you read Kurt Vonnegut’s first novel, Player Piano. It was written in 1952 and describes a world in which
physical labor is eliminated, a world in which people whose vocation it is to
work with their hands are left out in the cold.[28]
All this confluence of change was unthinkable just 18 months
ago.
One thing has not
changed in this exploding landscape: The center does not hold; our society is
torn, this way and that, by disintegrating forces that coarsen and cleave the
culture.
To understand how we got to this point, I urge you to
familiarize yourselves with an international bestseller that went through
thirty editions and that has already articulated almost every one of the challenges
we face. Its author warns us not to neglect the rising national debt, the
growing inequality, the inexorable generational change, the eroding power of
the middle class, and the intractable racism that continues to plague society.
Did I forget to mention that this bestseller was written in the eighteenth century
by the Abbé Raynal, and that he predicted the outbreak of the French Revolution?[29]
Liberal Education
When my wife Mary Eilleen heard the first draft of my
remarks, she worried that it was too depressing. She said everyone should take Prozac before coming to the talk. Don’t despair -- I have a
hopeful message. Shortly, in fact, I will give you 71 reasons to hope.
But first, let’s counter the anxiety by looking at some of
the good things right under our nose. Our university, for starters. We are fortunate
to learn and work in a place committed to a liberal education. What is a
liberal education?
1. A liberal education transmits the civilization's intellectual patrimony to the rising generation. This task is important because, as Daniel Boorstin observed, "Trying to [impact] the future without knowing the past is like trying to plant cut flowers." So it is essential to the intellectual and
moral formation of future leaders.
2. Further, in these increasingly fractious times, survival belongs not to the strongest, but to the most adaptable. The liberal arts develop the perennial skills – close reading, rigorous analysis, critical thinking, clear writing, ethical understanding, and fluency in a foreign language or two – skills that help people adapt in a rapidly changing world. I have an entire file of clippings about successful CEOs who are liberally educated and want to surround themselves with others who are likewise educated.
2. Further, in these increasingly fractious times, survival belongs not to the strongest, but to the most adaptable. The liberal arts develop the perennial skills – close reading, rigorous analysis, critical thinking, clear writing, ethical understanding, and fluency in a foreign language or two – skills that help people adapt in a rapidly changing world. I have an entire file of clippings about successful CEOs who are liberally educated and want to surround themselves with others who are likewise educated.
3. Moreover, a liberal
education is a liberating education.
As the past president of the University of Chicago, Robert Hutchins, used to
say, “A liberal education … frees a [person] from the prison house of his
class, race, time, place, background, family, and even his nation.”[30] This
does not mean that a person becomes disrespectful of their background, family,
nation, and traditions. It means that a person liberally educated is empowered
to tap into our common humanity. Sooner or later every thoughtful person must
grapple with meaning and mortality, principle and purpose. It is no
exaggeration that the liberal arts can give us a reason to get us out of bed in
the morning.
Say again?
Consider the story of Admiral James Bond Stockdale. You may
recall that he was a vice presidential candidate on the Reform Party ticket in
1992.[31] But
the most critical chapter of his life occurred a quarter-century earlier,
during the Vietnam War. Admiral Stockdale tells an unforgettable story of why
his liberal education was not just an ornament on his resume but the key to his
survival. At the start of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War, Admiral
Stockdale was deployed to fly combat missions over North Vietnam. On an early
sortie, his plane was badly shot up and he had to eject. As he floated down to
the ground, soldiers started yelling and aiming their guns at him. All of a
sudden the thought struck him that if he survived and was confined as a POW, he
would need to remember the lessons he had learned in graduate school. In the
seconds before he was captured, his mind flashed back to his days at Stanford
University, to a philosophy professor who took him under his wing, to a Stoic
author they had read together: the author was Epictetus and the book was the Enchiridion. Epictetus taught that there
is only one thing that belongs to the individual fully, and that is his will, his
sense of purpose. We must distinguish between what we can change and what we
cannot change. It does no good to rail against the gods about the things we
cannot change. Epictetus’s Stoic outlook equipped Admiral Stockdale to face
extreme adversity in a North Vietnamese prison. He credited Epictetus with keeping
him morally free during many years of brutal captivity. And he credited his
philosophy and faith for empowering him to see the humanity of his captors and
thus to forgive them.[32]
4. We have all had the experience of identifying with a hero in a biography, novel, or movie who inspires us to reach higher, go farther, be better. Well, a liberal education has the same goal. It seeks to instill sympathetic identification
(German Einfühlung) with all manner of people. It extends our
awareness of the different types of individuals who inhabit our world. It habituates
our minds to see our common humanity with others. Look at how a novel draws us into a type of person we’d never otherwise encounter. Look at how history
is time travel that takes us to that wonderfully distant country, the past.
Successful study of the past requires that we step out of the parochial present, put ourselves in the shoes of another human being, and try to see life from
their viewpoint. This is why the liberal arts go a long way to tempering
racism, sexism, and other destructive biases in our social relations.[33]
Common Ground Initiative
As can be gleaned from the foregoing, at the heart of our
university is liberal education; at the heart of liberal education is
sympathetic identification; and at the heart of sympathetic identification is the
possibility of finding common ground with others.
Indeed, common ground is the organizing principle of the
Hauenstein Center’s aptly named Common Ground Initiative.[34]
Established in 2013, our Common Ground Initiative is the first if not the only such program in
higher education in the U.S. We seek to rebuild confidence and participation in our public
institutions. To do so we invite progressives and conservatives to come together
on the same stage and explore their similarities and differences. Of course,
there is always risk when bringing conservatives and liberals together. As the
wit, Ambrose Bierce, observed, a conservative is “a statesman enamored of
existing evils, as distinguished from the Liberal who wishes to replace them
with others.”[35]
The focus on sympathetic identification does not mean that
we shy away from intellectual and moral argument. Au contraire, we encourage
respectful argument because “to hone one’s mind against the gritty stone of
another” produces moral and intellectual excellence.[36] It
forces us to examine our truth claims in a real and honest way.
Election year 2016 could not have played out better for showing how needed our Common Ground Initiative is – not just because of
the polarization of the electorate; not just because of the extreme discourse; but
also because progressives and conservatives have started to rethink their first
principles. In the process, we challenge the two camps to discover where common
philosophical, historical, political, and cultural ground might exist.
The liberal arts are indispensable to the endeavor.
For example, from literature we learn the truth taught by
Walt Whitman, that we can respect the opinions of others because we first recognize those same opinions in ourselves. As his poem “Song of Myself” puts
it, “Do I contradict myself? Very well then. I contradict myself. I am large. I
contain multitudes.”
From Jonathan Haidt’s work in evolutionary psychology, we
learn another truth. When it comes to their moral outlook, conservatives and
progressives actually have more in common than they usually recognize or are willing to admit.[37]
From psychology we learn a truth taught by Dr. John Gottman
in his lab at the University of Washington.[38]
He details the nonverbal signals we can and must avoid if we want to
communicate with each other and find common ground.
From political philosophy we learn a truth from two
scholars, Cornel West and Robert George, who hold quite different views. They
delighted a Hauenstein Center audience when each said of the other: “He is my
brother in the search for truth.”[39]
From anthropology we learn that there have been some 6,000
cultures. Most are unitary in that there is one authoritative source of
beliefs, values, and attitudes in the culture. By contrast, a few cultures are
binary because they have two authoritative sources of beliefs, values, and
attitudes; the members of binary cultures must learn to mediate between the two
competing sources if psychological integration and social harmony are to be preserved.
From history we learn that Western civilization is a binary
culture. Members of our culture must mediate between the modern, scientific, Enlightenment source of values on the one hand, and the ancient
philosophical and medieval religious source of values on the other. Both are
authoritative. The former has helped shape our conception of nature, natural law, and
natural right; the latter, our belief in the dignity of all human beings.
From political history, we learn how delegates at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, despite holding quite diverse opinions and even different anthropologies, forged one of the world's great political documents. The U.S. Constitution is a masterpiece of power dilution. Indeed, the framers diluted and dispersed power so effectively that political parties had to come into being to get anything done.
Cynics in 2016 will wonder if that was a good thing!
Cynics will also say we are Pollyannaish: “In America,” they will say, “there are
two parties. One is the evil party and the other is the stupid party.
Occasionally they get together and pass legislation that is both evil and
stupid. They call it bipartisanship.”[40]
We are not so cynical. At the Hauenstein Center, grounded as we are in the liberal arts and dedicated to the pursuit of common ground for the common good,
students learn a lot of different ways to build bridges to each other.
My own approach to common ground starts with our binary
Western civilization and its two sources of values. Borrowing from physics, I
apply the metaphor of the force field that keeps the two sources together. On
the one side you have the liberal source of progressive values from the secular Enlightenment;
on the other side you have the philosophical and religious source of conservative
values from antiquity and the Middle Ages. A principal reason our civilization
has been so dynamic is that those two different sources of values have for
centuries remained in productive tension, as though held together by a force
field. Our Common Ground Initiative throws itself into this force field. It recognizes
the value of both sources and seeks to keep them close enough to remain in
communication with one another, yet distant enough to make their own distinctive contributions to humankind.
What impresses me in my study of history is the staggering
number of areas – in law, science, the arts, and humanities – where there has
been overlap between the two sources. Look at the abolition movement.
Abolitionists used both Enlightenment values and Judeo-Christian values to
build their case against slavery. Students were at
the forefront of the reform. We forget that there has always been a powerful
tradition of student activism in our nation, one that goes back further than
the sixties. America’s first great student protests were organized in 1834 around
opposition to slavery. That student rebellion turned out to be a dress
rehearsal for the Freedom Summer of 1964, when the civil rights movement swept
the land.[41]
Leadership
Let’s take a moment to recap. Thus far in these remarks, we
have looked at the divisiveness and anxiety surrounding Election 2016. We have
looked at how a liberal education can play a promising role in bringing
Americans back together. A liberal education imparts the sympathetic
identification that can help bridge the chasm between people whose life
experiences are different from one another. We also looked at the binary nature
of our western culture with its two different sources of values. The fact that
they are different means a lot of civic energy and policy tensions are
constantly being generated in the public square.
Allow me to reiterate that our Common Ground Initiative
embraces this civic tension, this cultural polarization that has characterized
American life from the start. We focus not just on the liberal Enlightenment
source of values, nor just on the Judeo-Christian source of values, but on the
force field that keeps the two in productive tension. Ladies and gentlemen, for
our democracy to work, it is imperative that Americans harness the civic energy
that is generated by this cultural polarization, and channel this energy on behalf of the common good. That’s precisely what the
Hauenstein Center’s Common Ground Initiative aims to do.
Another way of understanding our Common Ground Initiative is
through the work of the historian Carl Becker, who studied how the
Judeo-Christian tradition brought forth the secular Enlightenment.[42]
It’s a parent-child relationship: they are distinct entities; one is older than
the other; there is always tension in the relationship; but there is also much
common ground between them, because they are family, after all, and can relate
to each other, hopefully without resorting to patricide!
Moving forward, what is to be done? Voltaire had a good
answer. When you live in tough times, at the very least you can tend your own
garden. How do we tend our garden at Grand Valley, at the Hauenstein Center, at
our Cook Leadership Academy? We grow
leaders.
Since this is a Wheelhouse Talk, let me direct the
conclusion of these remarks to the emerging leaders in our Cook Leadership
Academy. I promised you 71 reasons for hope, and this year’s 71 CLA fellows are
that hope.
Leadership fellows: During your time with us, I want you to
do four things.
First, get the most out of your education at this university.
Learn as much as you can. Be engaged. Be conversant about the key challenges
Americans face. Train your mind to refocus not just on the liberal view of things nor just on the conservative view of things, but on the force field that holds them together. One first-rate resource is our Common Ground Podcast at www.hauensteincenter.org/podcast,
which originates in New York City and hosts leading thinkers and thinking
leaders from both the left and the right.
Second, be alert to the ways that your major is teaching you
to find principled common ground in your discipline and your profession.
Third, get to know your mentor. The scholars who have
examined the Hauenstein Center inform me that, in higher education, our Cook
Leadership Academy has become a center of excellence in the Midwest. Among the
reasons is that we have one of the best mentor programs in the nation. Most
college leadership programs match students with academic mentors. Ours is
unusual in that we have both community and academic mentors, all helping with
your development into ethical, effective leaders.
Finally, begin to discern your civic mission. As apprentice
leaders, it is not too soon to carve out a space for common ground in your
community and beyond.
If you lean left, you are no
doubt committed to helping historically marginalized groups enter the
mainstream. You seek social justice on their behalf. Find the local
organization that best expresses your values. Be alert to how that work will
prepare you to move to a larger stage in business, government, or non-governmental organizations. An inspiration for many progressives is Barack Obama, who went from being a community organizer, to an
Illinois senator, to a U.S. senator, to the 44th president of the
United States. Each step of the way, he had to challenge increasingly
diverse factions to find common ground.
If you lean right, recall how people skilled at finding common ground built up postwar conservatism. It began with the vision of a remnant who could keep the embers of freedom glowing (Albert Jay Nock). It grew to include the leaders of various little platoons
(Russell Kirk of the traditionalists, Milton Friedman of the libertarians, and Whittaker Chambers of the anti-communists). It then relied on the fusionists who could build a
movement (William F. Buckley Jr. and Frank Meyer). Next came the politicians who could forge an
electoral majority (starting with Barry Goldwater and culminating in Ronald Reagan). Finally it needed statesmen who could govern a diverse coalition of Republicans, Independents, and Democrats (Reagan, G. H. W. Bush, congressional leaders, and Supreme Court justices). The ever-enlarging scale required greater and greater
skill at forging common ground. It’s how power is managed in America.
I must add that Ralph Hauenstein’s last great hope for the center that bears his name was that one or more of you leadership fellows will set your sights high and accept the ultimate leadership challenge, that of a statesman who can unify our nation.
I must add that Ralph Hauenstein’s last great hope for the center that bears his name was that one or more of you leadership fellows will set your sights high and accept the ultimate leadership challenge, that of a statesman who can unify our nation.
Students, you may be only 10 percent of our population,[43]
but you are 100 percent of our future. Our country will be looking to you for
inspired leadership. You have a mission and that mission is not impossible. As
you seek out the heroic mantle you will assume as leaders, wow us with your
energy, your idealism, and your hard work. Go forth, and dare to do great
things.
* *
*
[1] URL http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/07/opinion/sunday/fifty-states-of-anxiety.html?_r=0,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[2] URL http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/direction_of_country-902.html,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[3] Alex Castellanos, commentary on ABC, This Week with
George Stephanopoulos, October 9, 2016.
[4] Rudi Guiliani, commentary on ABC, This Week with
George Stephanopoulos, October 9, 2016.
[5] URL http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-09-02/racial-tension-in-the-2016-presidential-election,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[6] URL http://www.people-press.org/2015/11/23/beyond-distrust-how-americans-view-their-government/,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[7] URL https://morningconsult.com/trump-clinton-unpopular/,
URL http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/us/politics/donald-trump-campaign.html?emc=edit_th_20161009&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=30564708,
and URL http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-31/clinton-unpopularity-at-all-time-high,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[8] URL http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2016/10/17977/,
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[9] URL http://whowhatwhy.org/2016/03/03/how-clinton-media-machine-blocked-sanders-civil-rights-play/,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[10] Lee Edwards, “Is 2016 a ‘Critical Election’?” remarks
to the panel, “Democrats and Republicans Today: Chances of Realignment Looking
Forward,” Philadelphia Society 2016 Fall Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, October 1,
2016.
[11] URL https://www.opensecrets.org/overview/index.php?display=T&type=A&cycle=2016,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[12] URL http://www.pewresearch.org/data-trend/political-attitudes/party-identification/,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[13] Joe Scarborough and Michael Moore, commentary on
MSNBC, Morning Joe, October 3, 2016.
[14] URL http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/05/11/americas-shrinking-middle-class-a-close-look-at-changes-within-metropolitan-areas/,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[15] URL http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/25/millennials-overtake-baby-boomers/,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[16] Yuval Levin, The
Fractured Republic (New York: Basic Books, 2016).
[17] URL http://bridgemi.com/2016/10/young-voters-feel-theyre-screwed-either-way/,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[18] URL https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/gx-millenial-survey-2016-exec-summary.pdf,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[19] URL http://reason.com/poll/2015/02/12/poll-americans-like-free-markets-more-th,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[20] URL https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb12-243.html,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[21] URL http://library.uwb.edu/static/usimmigration/1965_immigration_and_nationality_act.html,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[22] URL http://www.pewforum.org/2015/11/03/u-s-public-becoming-less-religious/,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[23] URL http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[24] URL https://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/ir/ir_expense.htm,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[25] Alec Ross, “A Look at Industries of the Future and the
Disruptive Trends and Changes Happening in Business,” speech presented to the
West Michigan Policy Forum and Economic Club of Grand Rapids, September 26,
2016.
[26] URL http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-05/every-six-hours-nsa-gathers-much-data-stored-entire-library-congress,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[29] URL https://books.google.com/books?id=LpW6aYvAyBwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Abbe+Raynal+Histoire&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4w47Ngc7PAhUq0oMKHX_yBfAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Abbe%20Raynal%20Histoire&f=false,
and URL https://www.britannica.com/biography/Guillaume-Thomas-abbe-de-Raynal,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[32] James Bond Stockdale, Courage Under Fire: Testing Epictetus’s Doctrines in a Laboratory of
Human Behavior (Stanford University: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution,
and Peace, 1993).
[33] URL http://www.chronicle.com/article/How-Humanities-Can-Help-Fix/237955,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[34] See URL www.hauensteincenter.org.
[35] Ambrose Bierce quotation at URL https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/14403.Ambrose_Bierce?page=2,
accessed October 6, 2016.
[36] Stephen J. Tonsor, Introduction, The Legacy of an Education, by James C. Holland (Grand Rapids, MI: Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and LIberty, occasional paper no. 11, 1997); Kindle edition, loc. 34.
[37] Jonathan Haidt, The
Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (New
York: Pantheon, 2012).
[38] URL https://www.gottman.com/,
accessed October 7, 2016.
[39] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7pCmGna_20.
[40] Attributed to M. Stanton Evans, and quoted by George
H. Nash, “History and Meaning of American Political Parties,” luncheon address
to the Philadelphia Society, October 1, 2016.
[41] Jack Kelly, Heaven’s
Ditch: God, Gold, and Murder on the Erie Canal (New York: St. Martin’s
Press, 2016), p. 221-25.
[42] Carl L. Becker, The
Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1932).
[43] URL http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372,
accessed October 6, 2016.
